Boundaryless organization

Jack Welch of General Electric (GE) coined the phrase â€Å"The Boundaryless Organization†. He believed and has been proven correct, that GE would be much more effective if the cultural, geographical and organizational barriers that separated the employees become more permeable. He put emphasis on the boundaries’ ability to enable business, rather than get in its way. In the next era of the information age, we will expect to have information from multiple parts of the enterprise at our fingertips, all integrated to suit our specific needs, instantly available, across geographies, time zones and organizational structures.In order to achieve that and to enable the information age to realize its full potential, we need to allow â€Å"Boundaryless Information Flow† – a continuous secure stream of information seamlessly flowing within and among enterprises, across permeable boundaries. To achieve Boundrayless Information Flow, a top manager in an organization n eeds to put in place infrastructure services that bring data sources together and provide that information to those users and applications that need it. Creating the environment for integrated information has been a challenge.What more once regarded as necessary boundaries between the different stages in operational processes designed to achieve the benefits of specialization, now represent silos delivering outmoded solutions, which do not allow for the sharing of information. Barriers at the business and technical level must be broken down. If we take the case and strategic history of JetBlue and put it in the concept of Jack Welch, in my opinion the easiest boundary to remove was the â€Å"cultural boundry† in the whole organization that diverted their direction from bottom to top.For e. g. , simply by implementing the snacks serving instead of food in the flight have ease the passengers of every region, since food is always region specific but snacks are commonly taken in every part of the world. Further this step removed trolley movement within the flight i. e. also a strong step towards passenger comfort. Secondly, the most difficult boundary to remove for JetBlue would be the geographical boundaries.Since, assessing in the synopsis the overall performance of JetBlue, it witnesses their success because of their operation in specific region. However, in my opinion it would be real difficult to further enhance their operations in other regions since the attitude and working environment JetBlue have developed, cannot be managed in every part of the world. (for more details, see the www. opengroup. org/downloads official site)

Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement

Since the late 1600’s, African Americans have been fighting for equality. In 1865, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, laws were imposed to segregate severely against blacks. During this time public schools were segregated, prohibiting their right to vote, and forbid them to sit on juries. At this point, African Americans became embittered and wanted to make a change in the way they were being treated. Heroes such as Rosa Parks, Jackie Robinson and Martin Luther King were role models who strived for true freedom for African Americans.Martin Luther King, imparticular, was well known for his peaceful protesting and inspirational speeches. King’s work throughout the 1960’s led to great improvements of equality among the blacks and whites. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. He was raised by both parents, which were both reverends. King’s house that he lived with his parents in was named after his grandfather being nam ed the Williams House. King’s family called him Michael because his father’s name was also Martin.Martin’s name was originally just Martin King Jr.  until his father added Luther after Martin Luther, a Protestant leader in Germany. Being raised with three children in the household, King was the second child of his family. His older sister, Willie Christine King, and his younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King, all lived in the same household as him. The parents of Martin gave him a happy upbringing and tried to give him everything they possibly could. During his early childhood he always played the piano, which he taught himself how to do. King’s grandfather and father also provided him with spiritual teachings throughout his young life.The immediate family of Martin was a financially secure middle-class family. Therefore he received a better education than most young children of his race. Although King was raised with excellent morals, he encounte red several racial discriminations as a child. One day he and his older sister went to buy him school shoes. As they entered, they were ushered to the back of the store to an exit because there was a policy stating, â€Å"no blacks are allowed. † This racial encounter was one of the many events that drove King into becoming an activist for equal rights between whites and blacks.  (King, Martin Luther Jr. )After attending college and becoming involved with the Christian society King decided that it was time to make a change. After many years King was able to achieve his lifetime goal, which was to abolish segregation. His changes in society were a long winding road that gave him troubles, but in the end he realized that it was all worth it. Civil Rights have been violated way before Martin Luther King became a well-known face in the fight for equality. Since the Civil War there has been a struggle for African Americans and whites to be treated the same.In the 1950s, there ha ve been more movements for the same rights. In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education, helped create the 14th amendment, which gave everyone equal protection under the law. This helped desegregate schools and merged African Americans and whites into the same school. Rosa Parks sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott because she refused to give up her seat to a white man in 1955. Other peaceful protests and acts helped in the fight for equality. Martin Luther King also started protesting and fighting for African Americans freedom in the late 1950s.Martin Luther King Jr. was the leader of the peaceful Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s. Martin Luther King Jr. made his I Have a Dream Speech on August 28th, 1963 in order to end racism in the United States. This speech was an eye opener and turn around for the United States. This famous speech was presented to over 250,000 Americans. The Great March on Washington was presented in front of the Lincoln Memorial for jobs and freedom. The purp ose of the speech was to achieve racial justice and equality for everyone especially African Americans.The goal was to terminate racial segregation and allow the unemployed black African Americans to get employed. It was the speech that changed America. This was the first time that the blacks and whites worked together and fought for something they wanted to change. It unified the blacks and whites. This empowering speech by Martin Luther King Jr. made everyone equal and allowed the unemployed black African Americans to have an opportunity to be employed. King’s speech focused on both â€Å"the American dream† and religious themes.He spoke about a country where his children â€Å"will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. † (King, Martin Luther) Martin Luther King had a huge impact on the 1960s. He was able to get the country, and the world, to notice discrimination of African Americans was having through his organizatio n of peaceful protests and marches. His marches and peaceful protests were often recorded and put on TV or radio so the world could see what he was accomplishing. King’s march on Washington helped influence congress in passing a bill that John F. Kennedy created.His impacted was greatly influenced in the South, where whites were still not letting African Americans vote, even though they were free. King had a very influential way in government affairs that were dealt with segregation and equality. The struggles that were overcome in the 1960s couldn’t have been helped, with out the impact that Martin Luther King had. King's speech remains one of the most famous speeches in American history. Martin Luther King had a vision where race was not an issue and everyone was equal. In today’s society, blacks and whites are equal. Blacks and Whites use the same water fountain and attend the same schools.When King gave the I Have a Dream speech, the meaning of the speech ex tended throughout time and it made people think of what is â€Å"right†. It is became more than just skin color but helped us understand not to discriminate against people. We can clearly see the positive impact that King has had on this nation. He has helped change this nation for the better, and it is because of his sacrifice that equality is as accepted and taught as it is today. Although King was arrested multiple times for â€Å"demonstrating without a permit†, he still insisted on making the speeches that changed the world today.After he proclaimed his I have a dream speech he then decided that he wanted to change the way poor people were treated and the employment issues. In 1968, King announced that the Poor People's Campaign will culminate in a March on Washington demanding a $12 billion Economic Bill of Rights guaranteeing employment to the ones able, incomes to those unable to work, and an end to housing discrimination. On March 28, 1968, MLK delivered his I ’ve been to the Mountaintop speech. This was another very moving speech. King told the world about what he envisioned the results of the Civil Rights struggle to be.

Most Common Behavioral Disorders of Childhood Essay

This makes ADHD a major health concern. Up to 60% of these children will continue to have symptoms into adulthood. According to the National Institutes of Health, more than a million children take prescription medicines to control hyperactive behavior. The estimated cost to schools is about 3 billion dollars. There are other ways of treating ADHD and throughout this study we will discuss how to treat ADHD as well as explore how ADHD affects youth. ADHD is not only over diagnosed, but it is often mis-diagnosed, according to a recent study out of Germany. According to this research, many child and adolescent psychiatrists and psychologists in Germany have a picture in their heads of what an â€Å"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder â€Å"child or teen looks like, or acts like, and then a child or teen that fits that picture gets the diagnosis. In this process actual diagnostic criterion takes a back seat to â€Å"experience† or â€Å"heuristics. † But does this mean that ADHD is being â€Å"over diagnosed† because of poor diagnostic criteria, or due to poor diagnostic tools? No. Rather the problem is in the lack of using either diagnostic criteria or diagnostic tools. The reason for â€Å"over diagnosis† of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is sloppy diagnostic workups by these professionals. But the study was a little sloppy too. It draws â€Å"real world† conclusions from â€Å"pretend† or â€Å"theoretical† situations. No one examined actual patients or even their charts. So how do they know that in the â€Å"real world† that ADHD is being over diagnosed? The answer is that they don’t. But they do have a better understanding of the process that busy professionals use in interpreting â€Å"case vignettes† that may or may not be Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Abdekhodaie, April 2012) Introduction The main focus of this paper will be to examine ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), and how it affects kids? I will also be exploring the cause of ADHD and what can be done to control this disorder without the use of medication. I predict that ADHD affects kids both mentally and physically. Mood swings are an emotional side effect of ADHD, affecting those of all ages with the condition. This symptom may prove hard to pinpoint, as changes in moods may also relate to stress or tense life situations, such as a divorce, moves and changes in school or jobs. Impulsivity is an emotional side effect of ADHD, which may cause individuals to become impatient and react inappropriately. Children with ADHD may receive discipline in school for blurting out comments and displaying seemingly rude behaviors. Anger is a normal human behavior. Individuals with ADHD, however, may have more trouble focusing on tasks and dealing with stress, which may cause frustration and heighten anger. (Martinez M, 2008) I predict that ADHD is not a result of bad parenting Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is not the result of â€Å"bad parenting† or obnoxious, willful defiance on the part of the child. Yes, a child may be willfully defiant whether he has Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or not. Defiance, rebelliousness, and selfishness are more often â€Å"moral† issues than neurological issues. We make no excuses for â€Å"immoral,† â€Å"selfish,† or â€Å"destructive† behaviors, whether from individuals with ADD ADHD or not. It may be true that the child or teen’s parents may need further or more in-depth training on parenting defiant children. We are constantly amazed at how many young parents today themselves grew up in homes where their own parents were gone all day. We now see â€Å"grown up latch key kids† trying to parent as best as they can, but without having had the benefit of growing up with good parental role models. This is a problem that can be solved with some training. But it is not Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD (Dawson, Catherine, 2002) I predict that ADHD can be controlled without medicine. If you or your children are struggling with ADHD, you need to understand that no matter how effective your medical treatment intervention might be, if you or your child is eating a bunch of junk – your symptoms from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder will not improve! No treatment – no matter how powerful – can overcome eating junk foods. We have found that this ADHD Diet makes a huge difference with about 20% to 25% of those with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder that try it even without using any other intervention. We strongly believe that whether one is using a medication such as Ritalin, or using a natural alternative such as Attend, that this type of eating program plays a big role in achieving success when used as a part of a treatment plan. Mentally Families considering treatment options should consult a qualified mental health professional for a complete review of their child’s behavioral issues and a treatment plan. Children with ADHD are often more emotionally immature than their non-ADHD counterparts. This can be very pronounced, with children being several years below the emotional level of their classmates or slight, with just a small difference noted. ADHD can often cause problems in social situations, diagnosed children may have a hard time making friends or relating to other children the same age. In addition to emotional immaturity, self-esteem can be an issue. A child with ADHD may feel â€Å"different† or isolated, creating a low self-esteem. Emotional disorders, such as depression, anxiety or bipolar are also common in people with ADHD. These problems are persistent and usually cause difficulties in one or more major life areas: home, school, work, or social relationships. Clinicians base their diagnosis on the presence of the core characteristics and the problems they cause. Not all children and youth have the same type of ADHD because the disorder varies among individuals. Some may be hyperactive. Others may be under-active. Physically Methylphenidate, more commonly known as Ritalin, can be used as part of a treatment program for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. According to Medline Plus, Ritalin is a central nervous system stimulant and acts to change certain substances in the brain. Before you agree to give your child Ritalin, you should know how Ritalin affects physical development in children. As a stimulant, Ritalin can have an effect on the physical development of children. According to MayoClinic. com, stimulant medications may be associated with a lower growth rate in children. This growth slowing pertains to both a child’s height and weight. One common side effect of Ritalin is a loss of appetite, and this can even lead to weight loss while on the drug. According to Novartis, the manufacturer of Ritalin, children who take Ritalin seven days a week throughout the year showed a temporary slowing of growth. This growth did not rebound while on the drug, and was consistent throughout the three year period studied. Non-medical Control Studies show that a high-protein, low-sugar, no-additive diet combined with ADHD-friendly supplements like fish oil and zinc can drastically improve ADHD symptoms in children with no side effects. Good nutrition can make a significant difference in the lives of children who have been diagnosed with attention deficit disorder (ADD/ADHD). Many parents are eager to try foods and supplements to help their kids manage ADHD symptoms, but they often don’t know where to start. I have identified and addressed the concern. A concern is identified for which there is no ready answer. The concern has arisen because of an interest, and has been present for a long time. This is now a research problem. Every person can be a bit absent-minded, restless, fidgety, or impulsive. So why these same patterns of behavior are considered normal for some people and symptoms of a disorder in others? It’s partly a matter of degree. With ADHD, these behaviors occur far more than occasionally. They are the rule and not the exception. Unless a child understands his or her intellectual strengths and understands the potentially negative impacts of the ADHD, they may be confused by their inability to sustain success. Self-understanding (often aided by counseling) goes a long way in helping a person with this unique combination of traits and talents attain his or her fullest potential. Review of Related Literature (Background) Earlier studies point to the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to be similar around the world. There is, however, a wide variety in estimates. The prevalence of ADHD in youth has never been examined in France. Method: Starting with 18 million telephone numbers, 7,912 numbers are randomly selected. Among the 4,186 eligible families, 1,012 (24. 2%) are successfully recruited. A telephone interview is administered to all families about a child in the 6 to 12 age range. It covered family living situation, school performance, symptoms of ADHD, conduct disorder (CD), and oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), and other features of ADHD. Results: The prevalence of ADHD in France is between 3. 5% and 5. 6%. The population prevalence of treatment for ADHD is 3. 5%. ADHD youth are more likely to be men than women, and, compared to non-ADHD children, ADHD children are more likely to have CD and ODD. Having ADHD is associated with a family history of the disorder. The ADHD youth are more likely to have had learning difficulties, to have repeated a grade, and to be functioning academically below grade level. (Lecendreux, August 2011) Father residency appears to share some relationship with symptoms of ADHD, but when symptoms reach the level for a clinical diagnosis, father residency appears to share little relationship with severity of symptoms of ADHD. (Sulak, 2012) The results of pair wise comparisons showed that children with a family history of ADHD performed significantly worse than those without family history in the time production tasks and the time reproduction task. Logistic regression analysis showed duration discrimination had a significant role in predicting whether the children were suffering from ADHD or not, while temporal processing had a significant role in predicting whether the ADHD children had a family history or not. (Huang, 2012) Methodology (Methods) Outline for ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), and how it affects kids? Research Process: 1. Formulating the Research Problem is the first and most crucial step in the research process. – Main function is to decide what you want to find out about. The way the problem is formulated determines almost every step after. Research in this study revolves around People and Problems: †¢ People- a group of individuals †¢ Problems- examine the existence of certain issues or problems relating to their lives; to ascertain attitude of a group of people towards ADHD 2. Extensive Literature Review: -Essential preliminary task in order to acquaint myself with the availab le body of knowledge in ADHD and how it affects kids. -Literature review is integral part of entire research process and makes valuable contribution to every operational step. Reviewing literature through the following functions: a. Bringing clarity and focus to the research problem; b. Improved methodology; c. Broaden my knowledge of ADHD; d. Contextualize my findings. 3. Developing the objectives; -Objectives are the goals I set out to attain in this study. -They inform a reader what is to be attained through the study. -It is extremely important to word them clearly and specifically. Objectives will be listed under two headings: a) Main objectives; b) Sub-objectives. 4. Preparing the Research Design including Sample Design; The preparation of research design, appropriate for a particular research problem, involves the consideration of the following: 1. Objectives of the research study. 2. Method of Data Collection to be adopted 3. Source of information—Sample Design 4. Tool for Data collection 5. Data Analysis– qualitative and quantitative 5. Collecting the Data; Having formulated the research problem, developed the study design, constructed a research instrument and selected a sample, now I will collect the data from which inferences and conclusions for the study will be drawn. Then I will conduct interviews, research journals, and make observations. 6. Analysis of Data; Processing and analyzing data involves a number of closely related operations which are performed with the purpose of summarizing the collected data and organizing these in a manner that they answer the research objectives. The Data Processing operations are: 1. Editing- examine the collected raw data to detect errors and omissions and to correct these when possible. 2. Classification- arranges data in groups or classes on the basis of common characteristics. 7. Generalization and Interpretation; It is useful in both academic reports and work-related reports to include a section which shows how the research can be continued. It is useful to include this section because it shows that you are aware of the wider picture and that you are not trying to cover up something which you feel may be lacking in your own work. 8. Preparation of the Report of Formal write ups of conclusions reached. Include in your discussion how you will determine the validity and reliability of data collection tools. (Creswell, J. W. (2005). ) Validity is essential in research data. The data must be, in fact, what they are believed or purported to be. In other words, did we actually measure what we intended to measure, based on the focus of our ADHD and its affect on children? Validity of data obtained from the administration of tests (quantitative data) has been determined through examining various sources of evidence. (Mertler, C. ;amp; Charles, C. 2011. ) Reliability, a second essential characteristic of data, refers not to authenticity but to consistency. If you administer a certain test repeatedly under identical circumstances but find that you get different results each time, you would conclude that the test is unreliable. If, however, you get similar results each time you administer the test, you would consider the results reliable and therefore potentially useful. In this research we conclude that our results are reliable and therefore potentially useful. (Mertler, C. ;amp; Charles, C. 2011. ) Conclusions and Recommendations The current study aimed to investigate Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and its affect on children grades k through 6. ADHD affects millions of people-some 3 to 5% of the general population. It covers how to manage ADHD with medication or without, what parents can do to help, and how to thrive with ADHD throughout the lifespan. It also offers effective academic and behavioral interventions for school, and helpful accommodations for the workplace. After several interviews with teachers currently dealing with students that have been diagnosed with ADHD, all agreed that most cases are mis-diagnosed and those students are placed on medicine without further examination. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is not the result of â€Å"bad parenting† or obnoxious, willful defiance on the part of the child. It is my recommendation that there be a more structured procedure that will not allow a child to be diagnosed with this disorder without additional psychiatric treatment. References Martinez M, et al. Psychopharmacology. In: Hales RE. Textbook of Psychiatry. Arlington, Va. : American Psychiatric Publishing; 2008. Plizska S. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2007; 46:894. Abdekhodaie, Zahra; Tabatabaei, Seyed Mahmood; Gholizadeh, Mortaza,†The Investigation of ADHD Prevalence in Kindergarten Children in Northeast Iran and a Determination of the Criterion Validity of Conners’ Questionnaire via Clinical Interview†, Research in Developmental Disabilities: A Multidisciplinary Journal, v33 n2 p357-361 Mar-Apr 2012 Booster, Genery D. DuPaul, George J. ; Eiraldi, Ricardo; Power, Thomas J. , â€Å"Functional Impairments in Children with ADHD: Unique Effects of Age and Comorbid Status† Journal of Attention Disorders, v16 n3 p179-189 Apr 2012 Bruchmuller, Katrin; Margraf, Jurgen; Schneider, Silvia, â€Å"Is ADHD Diagnosed in Accord with Diagnostic Criteria? Over diagnosis a nd Influence of Client Gender on Diagnosis† Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, v80 n1 p128-138 Feb 2012 Creswell, J.

Staffing and defining an arts organization Assignment

Staffing and defining an arts organization - Assignment Example that â€Å"Our main reason for being is to create theatre productions that reflect the Canadian experience of the past, present and future† (What we do, n. d.). The mission statement of the organization rest upon the values, which is expressed as- â€Å"we are very active in play development as a means of supporting Canadian playwrights and building the repertoire of Canadian plays† (What we do, n. d.). The director is more responsible for the artistic activities of the organization rather than engaging in the day to day activities of the organization. He must have the vision that the plays staged by the organization must be unique and uphold the values of the organization enunciated by the founder. He must be a person of long term vision as the organization’s future id relied upon how competent he is in keeping the studio upfront of similar organizations. Similarly, he must have good managerial abilities and leadership qualities as he is the person responsible for coordinating the whole activities of the organization. He should have a good foresight and motivational qualities. He must motivate the entire people in the organization so that the objectives can be

The Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Situation - Essay Example According to the constitution, the federal government cannot enter into treaties with an entity, unless it is fully sovereign. The US government between the years 1790 and 1870 has entered into 371 treaties that affirm their sovereignty that is now both inherent and constitutionally valid (Churchill, 1985, p. 31). Throughout history, there have been numerous instances, besides the occupation of their homeland, whereby the government has failed to safeguard the interest of the Native Americans. Furthermore, from an economic point of view, the territories under the Native American tribes are extremely well-endowed with minerals and energy resources. Hence, not only from an ethical viewpoint, the Native American population deserves to enjoy the status of a Nation from a legal and economic perspective as well. The Native population is further divided into three very distinct racial units. Hence essentially there is no all-encompassing term for the numerous racial divisions of the indigenous population of North America (Churchill, 1985, p. 30). Despite the fact that the American constitution has was composed in order to safe guard the interest of every group, but so far it has failed to do anything for the indigenous people or even control the crimes that take place within these tribes. Inherent sovereignty may be a barrier, but it further demonstrates one of the key flaws within the country’s legislative and judicial system that has been unable to reach a position of compromise with the Native American tribesmen and the Government. The situation of the indigenous population is the perfect embodiment of the concept of ‘Internal colonialism’; which is the glaring disparity in development between two regions within the same society. As pointed out and elaborated by Churchill, it is truly a shame that the system fails to protect the rights of the

Business Ethics and Corporate Responsibility Research Paper

Business Ethics and Corporate Responsibility - Research Paper Example In return, though it may not be required by law, but an organization should have this significant consideration of the welfare of its society through its moral thought (Kettunen 137). It has to start giving concerns not just on its profit-making activities but there should enough time for giving something for the community. In line with this, profitable organizations have a moral duty to make charitable contributions in an effort to â€Å"give something back† to the community. At some point, this may not be required by law, but an organization should consider itself as a model within a community on showing the importance of being concerned with others. This is a matter of influencing behavior (Holmqvist 68; Thiele 204). For instance, the human resource is an integral part of the community aside from it belongs directly to an organization. The organization should motivate them so it has to give something back to them. However, the moral obligation to make charitable contributio ns should be outside the bound of personal gain, interest or concern of an organization in order to impart genuine concern for others’ needs. 2. Do successful profitable organizations have an ethical responsibility to make charitable contributions in an effort to â€Å"give something back† to the community? Why or why not? Society has social and moral values. Within these values ethical responsibility is normally imposed. Considering that an organization is an integral part of the society, so then it is not outside the ultimate impact of social and moral values (LePage et al., 2011). It is therefore clear that to make charitable contributions in an effort to â€Å"give something back† to the community depends on its prevailing social and moral values. In some countries, it is not ethical to receive certain prize, reward for something out of what good has been done. Some culture just like in Japan has this belief that performing one’s responsibility at wor k is already sufficiently paid and that other payments outside of it would mean an insult. In the same manner, it may not be always necessary to have ethical responsibility to make charitable contributions to give something back to the community. Considering that an organization has already done what is morally good for the society, then there is no need to have this ethical responsibility to give more just to reciprocate considering that there are different and prevailing social and moral values. For instance, producing the right quality of products that say what they tell they have is enough to give back something out of the high level of trust given by the community. The ethical responsibility to make charitable contributions in an effort to â€Å"give something back† to the community depends on the prevailing social and moral values of the society. Thus, it may not necessary to employ it in all the time or everywhere. 3. If you said there was either an ethical or moral du ty to make charitable contributions, how does that affect the corporation's duty to its shareholders to maximize profits? Corporate social responsibility is becoming a must especially among profitable organizations. In their implementation of corporate social responsibility particularly on providing charitable contributions, an organization is becoming clear on its role and stand within the society. As a result, an organization creates specific policies and provides information that will always guide its

Learning Team Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Learning Team Paper - Essay Example This paper shall seek to answer that question. In the case of the supply chain, there has to be a critical look at ones suppliers. The company deals with material of a delicate nature and one must ensure that the suppliers also adhere to the highest standards possible. The molding company must also manage its supply chain such that so as to only undertake the tasks that are logistically sound. In other words, the supply chain must function at optimum capacity. Capacity management is also critical. The final expected return from the sale of the health parts should determine the necessary capacity. The company must ensure that the right numbers of people are at hand for a specific product. Some products are used in large numbers and so the target market shall determine the necessary capacity in that case. Excessive capacity will underutilize the workforce and lead to overproduction. Lean production is not to be ignored either. The engineer should be close to suppliers so as to minimize on transport costs. The watchword as far as lean production is concerned is waste. Cutting wastage of raw materials, wastage of stock and time wastage before delivery must be cut. After all, these are medical products and they need to be produced

E-Payment Systems Assignemnt Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

E-Payment Systems Assignemnt - Assignment Example The report will also try to underline a comparison among the mentioned methods. Apart from that the report will also emphasize on the aspect of database security of the seller. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Method 1: Credit or Debit Card 5 Method 2: Cash on Delivery 6 8 Method 3: Mobile Phone Payment 8 Matrix Comparison 10 Security 11 References 12 Introduction In spite of the incident of dot-com bust, internet has changed the way organizations carry out their business. Internet helps an organization in finding new avenues of generating revenue, achieving new set of customers and also managing the supply chain of the business. Internet has significantly impacted on the global economy (Reynolds, 2004, p.5). Organizations also understood that internet is one the best medium of carrying out the business in a cost effective way and directly selling the products to the end user, thereby restricting entry of any third party. Thus during the early 1990’s the co ncept of e-commerce were hugely incorporated into the business process of the organizations. Electronic commerce or what is commonly known as e-commerce is an application which facilitates online selling and buying of goods and services. It offers online fund transfer; Electronic Data Exchange (EDI), online marketing and different other applications. The major advantages of using e-commerce are maximization of speed in the context of service delivery, reduction in the overall cost and also quicker response to the customers. Electronic commerce also plays crucial role in the process of online payment. Online payment method refers to the process of directly transferring funds to the seller’s bank account. The biggest advantage of an online payment option is that it instantly completes the entire process of payment. The electronic payment options which are accepted in e-commerce include credit cards, debit cards, cash cards and internet banking. Furthermore in order to conduct i nternational money transfers there are several online platforms such as PayPal, alert pay and Google checkout among other which aid in the process of transferring money. Therefore in order to facilitate online payment options issues such as convenience of customer and technical infrastructure and the security of the method must be taken into account. Thus modern systems need to be incorporated for better and smoother transaction. The recommended methods of payments are summarized below:- Method 1: Credit or Debit Card A debit or a credit card is one of the most widely used and accepted method of payment. Credit cards or debit cards are generally issued by banks or any other financial institutions. In this payment method the user directly transfers the money to the seller’s bank account either from its own bank account or through the credit issued by the banking authority. The process is also very simple, thus it will provide huge convenience to the customers. Furthermore it a lso consumes very less time the payment process can be carried out within few minutes. In case of customers making use of credit card they need to repay it later to issuing authority while on the contrary debit card users pay real time from their respective bank account (Radu, 2003, p.2). The option also provides high security to both the

Anecdote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Anecdote - Essay Example This is precisely the reason why beauty of art and literature does not affect as anymore. In the meanwhile, art is also transforming humbly, digressing from its earlier norms and requiring more skills to analyze it and understand it. At the same time, no matter how obese Americans are, no matter how indifferent they have become towards political and economic issues around them, a desire of human contact and affection remains there. However, it is hard to identify if this need is sufficient enough to provoke one to notice beauty of life once again. Tuma mentioned that there are rays of hope still available by mentioning a dying lady who is more than willing to take care of nature and protect it. Hence, life has evolved, people even art has shown evolution. It’s just a matter of time when this change becomes acceptable and becomes part of our lives without making us socially ignorant. Part B In my view, anecdote is an interesting way of telling a story and creating main theme by using abstract ideas and symbolization. Detailed analysis of Tuma’s mannerism of telling an anecdote helped me in understanding that in order to tell a story, one does not need to be straight forward. One has to leave an element of surprise and let the reader think and get indulge in the story. Similarly, events defined should be interwoven effectively and whole fabrication must follow a logical pattern. However, the element of surprise must not be aggressive that readers find it hard to relate to anything that they are aware of. Simple example can be Tuma’s anecdote called ‘Shooting the Air’. When he began, the readers had no clue what he is about to talk about and this was... Anecdote is an interesting way of telling a story and creating main theme by using abstract ideas and symbolization. Detailed analysis of Tuma’s mannerism of telling an anecdote helped me in understanding that in order to tell a story, one does not need to be straight forward. One has to leave an element of surprise and let the reader think and get indulge in the story. Similarly, events defined should be interwoven effectively and whole fabrication must follow a logical pattern. However, the element of surprise must not be aggressive that readers find it hard to relate to anything that they are aware of. Simple example can be Tuma’s anecdote called ‘Shooting the Air’. When he began, the readers had no clue what he is about to talk about and this was precisely the gist of his writing, ignorance towards society and art. He began with simple cluster of unrelated event and went onto explanation of a dead man followed by Iraq war and Americans’ indiffere nce attitude towards government policies. By explaining series of unrelated events, he continued to demonstrate how art has evolved over the period of time; it is abstract with a certain degree of humility. Hence, reader continues to ponder what element he will discuss in the next paragraph. An anecdote has to have a degree of spontaneity and surprise in it which is what Tuma’s writing is all about.

Ted Bundy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ted Bundy - Essay Example Around the time Ted began college, joined the Republican Party, and answered calls with Ann Rule, he met the love of his life. This woman partly triggered something evil in Ted. She had long brown hair parted in middle, a common hairstyle in the sixties. When the woman, Stephanie, broke up with Ted in 1968, he was devastated, dropping out of college (Schum). Many of Ted Bundy’s later victims had long brown hair parted in the middle. Another factor happened in 1969 that sent Ted down the path of destruction; he found out his sister was really his biological mother (Lohr). These two events sent Ted on a hunting spree leaving women dead across American, from Washington to Florida. Finding out about his true origins seemed to invigorate Ted, sending him back to college. Ted also began dating Meg Anders. This relationship seemed to get Ted together, leading him to graduate from the University of Washington in 1973 and accepted into the Law program in Utah. Around this time he began seeing Stephanie and Meg at the same time. The pressure seemed to overwhelm Ted. During this period, he committed his first known attack, and then murder. The first woman Bundy attacked survived, barely. â€Å"On January 4, 1974, 18-year-old Joni Lenz became Bundy’s first victim† (Lohr). Lenz was sexually assaulted with a bed post, beaten with a crowbar, and left in a coma. Because of her injuries, â€Å"she was left with brain damage†. Ted attacked another Washington Law student, Lynda Ann Healy, at the end of January 1974 (Lohr).

Educational orientation Essay Example for Free

Educational orientation Essay According to the journal for American association for counseling and development (2008) and Zweigenhaff and Domhoff (2003) the African Americans value very much education and are ready to make sacrifices to achieve the education qualifications. Though they have that desire and willingness to have a good education background they are faced with a number of challenges that affect their performance in school. According to Rovai et al (2007) African American students as compared to the other students have lower performance standards and this is raising concern because this area has not been given much consideration to determine what could be the actual reasons behind their low grades. Lincoln et al (1990) and Henderson and Sumler (1999) discusses some of the reasons why these students do not perform well as others as to include difficulties to integrate and accept the various people from different cultural backgrounds they encounter in school and where they live. The hip hop culture is also said to contribute to the low grades because more of this students have indulged themselves in weird lifestyles that cannot allow them to have enough time with their studies. As argued in Cross (2005) and Wayne (2005) most of the African American students come from average family background and when they go to school with the white American they are seen by the fellow white students as being inferior which psychologically will affect them in their education as they find that they are discriminated. This creates a gap between them that and limits the way they will associate with the others and their presence in the school is threatened. The other reasons for their low grade as discussed in smiley (2006) include the poverty that they live in that makes them struggle to meet their basic needs and making them lose enough concentration to the education and even at times dropping out of school to try life elsewhere. The other reasons according to Obiakor (2002) and Ashe (2002) leading to low academic performance among the African Americans include the way they select the schools that they go to which might have low standards, having different curriculums that may not cover all the necessary topics and choosing areas of study that they are not competent in and also some of the teaching staff may not be giving them support because they tend to display behavior that show no much concern to their education. How to address the problem. Ogbu (2003) and Wright et al (2001) suggests that the teachers and the schools have a responsibility to encourage and support all the students they have under their care to perform well. He also argues that this will be done by helping the students to change the various negative attitudes they have towards their teachers, other students and the education materials like books. Obiakor et al (2002) suggests that the learning environment needs to be made conducive for all the students so that nobody feels threatened by the other because it will help the students settle in their education. As argued by Allen et al (1998) and Wayne (2005) the parents and guardians are encouraged to give moral support to the students and they should encourage them to develop interest in the religion as it offers psychological support. References A. P. Rovai, Louis B. Gallien, Helen R. Stiff (2007): Closing the African American achievement gap in higher education. National association for college admission counseling. Retrievedonline http://www. nacacnet. org/PUBLICATIONSRESOURCES/BOOKREVIEWS Alex B. Henderson, Janice Sumler (1999). Freedom’s odyssey Clark Atlanta university press. Allen K, Stelzer, P Wielkiewicz, M (1998). The ecology of leadership: adapting to challenges of a changing world. The journal of leadership. Bertram D. Ashe (2002). From within the frame. Routledge publishers Charles E. Lincoln, Lawrence H. Mamiya (1990). The black church in the African American experience. Duke university press. Cross T. (2005). The persisting racial gap in college student graduation rates. The journal of higher education. Festus E. Obiakor, Bridgie Alexis ford (2002). Creating successful learning environments for African American learners with exceptionalities. Corwin press Faye Z. Belgrave, KevinW. Allison (2005). African American psychology. Sage publishers. .J. Hale (2001). Learning while black. JHU publishers. Journal of counseling and development by American association for counseling and development vol 79 2008. Ogbu J (2003). Black American students in an affluent suburb: a study of academic disengagement. Lawrence Erlbaum publishers New Jersey. Tavis Smiley (2006): The covenant with black America. Third world press. W. Wayne (2005). African Americans and the color line in Ohio. Ohio university press. R. Zweigenhaft, G. Domhoff (2003). Blacks in the white elite. Rowman and Littlefield. Richard Wright, A. Chapman, Malcolm (2001). Black voices. Signet classic publishers

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example for Free

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Do you struggle to find equilibrium between excelling at work and spending productive, quality time with loved ones at home? With the technology that is available in the twenty first century, it is now possible for educated professionals to decide whether they would like to work from home and collaborate with family members to meet work demands. Alesia Montgomery is an African American Ethnographer who wrote â€Å"Kitchen Conferences and Garage Cubicles: The Merger of Home and Work in the 24-7 Global Economy†. This study was one of many published in 2008’s book entitled The Changing Landscape of Work and Family in the American Middle Class: Reports From the Field, which focused on â€Å"providing insights into the changing nature of working families in the United States† (1008). Montgomery’s main argument is that today’s modern society and global economy have enabled families to â€Å"merge work and home in quasi-entrepreneurial ways† (1018), which will in turn deepen the attachment between family members. Her secondary claim is that the merging of these two worlds does not come without a downside; your home will no longer â€Å"serve as a refuge from job pressures† (1018) and job demands may be â€Å"made more invasive by the use of innovative communication technology† (1019). The main purpose of this essay is to identify and analyze Montgomery’s main and secondary arguments, to describe two types of support she uses, how they help her claims, and to identify her intended audience. Montgomery proposes that â€Å"transformations in gender relations, management strategies, and technological practices† (1018) play integral roles in the opportunities for families to decide how to combine or balance their home lives with work demands. She goes on to state that women’s access to equal education and equal employment opportunities have â€Å"expanded the possibilities for spousal collaboration in technical professions† (1010), and that being able to collaborate on work projects at home will create a more intimate and interdependent family. She then provides statistics showing the percentage of women graduating with a degree in engineering jumped 16. 5% in just 30 years (1011). The statistics provide hard evidence to her claim that women are gaining increasing access to technology based jobs, and appeals to the reader’s logos. Montgomery spent a period of five years in the field following a couple in their thirties, who were living in one of these collaborative, â€Å"job-sharing† (1012) middle class families in order to obtain â€Å"a view of the world from their perspective† (1008). Basing her argument off this research provides a stronger emotional connection to the writing than if Montgomery were to use sweeping generalizations throughout. Montgomery structures her essay in a narrative format, writing in the first person. She was successful at attempting to appeal to her audience’s ethos by making her writing less formal while keeping an educated voice. The writing opens with an introduction to Marjenah and Steve, who share a home with Marjenah’s parents in Silicon Valley. Montgomery appeals to her readers’ pathos by illustrating the family’s world: â€Å"Emails, faxes and phone calls linked their home to high-tech firms within Silicon Valley. Although there were no parking lots or numbered suites, their neighborhood†¦was, in some sense, a busy industrial park† (1009). Montgomery recalls the different ways in which they rely upon each other, and states that the interdependence this family possesses is an opportunity for each member help one another handle job demands. She details the countless nights Steve spent on his wife’s projects after getting home from his job as well as the way Marjenah was needed to proof read Steve’s reports and to review her mother’s paperwork for her department store job. The father worked at an outside tech firm, but served as the family’s technical support (1016). This ethnographic research directly relates to her main point that equality in the education within a family has enabled collaboration in the home, and allows us to spend more time with those we love. Combining the statistics that show women gaining access to technical jobs are increasing with the representation of a modern, job-sharing family that include both sexes collaborating on high-tech projects helps validate the essay’s argument. Montgomery’s goal is to inform families of new opportunities on how to balance work and home life, so in order to provide a full picture; she explores the potential downsides to living in a modern job-sharing family. Montgomery’s secondary claim states that working collaboratively on â€Å"job tasks at home† (1018) will increase â€Å"family cohesion† (1018), but that this combination will in turn eliminate the idea of your home being an escape from job pressures. She helps substantiate this argument by referring again to the subjects of her study, an emotional appeal. Steve summarized his perception of the situation, explaining that â€Å"job demands limited the control that they had over the time and space of family life† (1019). Montgomery makes her audience connect to this point on an emotional level by describing the conflicts the couple experienced because of the stresses their job-sharing created. She details Marjenah having to â€Å"constantly manage sounds† (1015), as well as the couple getting into arguments over the amount of energy each puts into one another’s work, citing that sometimes the main incentive for them to make up was the pressure of work calling again. It is clear to the reader that Montgomery is simply making an argument to explore this alternative lifestyle. She uses many different types of support throughout her writing in order to make her argument more informative; two will be analyzed further. Montgomery continuously includes professional opinions with quotes from past studies that are on the same topic as her own work. This gives the reader necessary background knowledge on the topic, by allowing the audience to have a more complete understanding as to how the economy has been playing a role in the decisions we make regarding how we balance our lives, since the Industrial Revolution. She opens with a quote from nineteenth century writer John Ruskin, which states home will only be home, until â€Å"the anxieties of the outer life penetrate into it† (1008). This grabs her reader’s attention, and provides a possible thesis for her writing. Montgomery explains separating work and home life has not always been the normal ideal, giving her reader a brief history on the â€Å"transformation of family labor from agrarian to high-tech work† (1010). She does this with quotes and ideas from over ten different sources, many of the sources she chose are known in the fields of Anthropology and Sociology. This is extremely helpful for her ethical appeal, because it shows Montgomery took the time to gain an understanding of the contextual relevance of her selected topic. Some of the work she cites claims things such as â€Å"In the early twentieth century, corporations supplanted many family firms, credentialed engineers replaced informally trained mechanics, and ‘big science’†¦rose to prominence. †(1011) and that â€Å"Industrial transformations†¦increasingly removed production from the home, while cultural transformations valorized home as a haven from the harsh work world† (1010). This relates to the quote she opens with, because Ruskin was one of the numerous writers pushing to get the â€Å"rising middle class to embrace this new ideal† (1010), raising the question of the motives behind said quote. Including other pieces of writing that claim technology is what played a key factor in changing the way individuals and families balanced their two lives, historically, helps her introduce the idea that â€Å"separate spheres are not necessarily the most desirable family and work forms† (1018). Montgomery uses examples to support her arguments, which helps create a mental image in her audience’s mind while reading her work. Her research gathered while with Marjenah’s family, is her most used example, and is a very effective form of support. In Montgomery’s eyes, â€Å"Marjenah’s family exemplifies how new technologies, management strategies, and gender relations are changing the possibilities for work collaborations within households† (1012). She refers to their specific situation as a way to personalize Montgomery’s generalized emphasis on women’s equality in education and job opportunities as being the main factor in society once again giving families the option to â€Å"draw in† and collaborate on work. She uses examples while giving her audience background knowledge of this topic. She starts with an example describing how â€Å"employers relied upon fathers to discipline family work units in some early factories† (1010). She makes the claim that shop-keeping families saw â€Å"kin as sources of income† (1010), more specifically using examples such as â€Å"the baker’s wife iced cakes a few steps from her husband, the butcher and his son chopped meat on the same counter, and for the family of grocers home and work merged† (1010). These examples support her statement that â€Å"the separation of spheres was neither decisive nor abrupt. † (1010). Montgomery does a sufficient job regarding the amount of support she provides her audience with to back up her argument. Every writer has an intended audience. Montgomery’s study was published in a book that has a goal to highlight how culture shapes family life during shifting social and economic landscapes, so it should address a fairly educated audience. The background information provided implies that she was keeping in mind the fact that not everyone who picks up her book will have an understanding of the different norms our society has gone through regarding the separation of work and home life. To conclude, Montgomery was very successful in presenting her argument that â€Å"contemporary gender relations, management strategies and technological practices enable divers family and work forms†¦Far from weakening family bonds, these mergers of work foster family cohesion† (1010). She appealed to her audience’s logos by providing facts, statistics, expert opinions, and by citing other pieces of work on her topic. This also helped her ethical appeal, as did the personal afterward detailing her background and her credentials. Using the example of Marjenah’s family, along with the baker, butcher and grocers, helped Montgomery emotionally appeal to her audience, and to get her point across. Overall, Montgomery presented her argument very clearly; it was fact based, and very informative which makes her exploratory purpose a success.

Determination of Protein Concentration by Uv Absorption

Determination of Protein Concentration by Uv Absorption Highly susceptible to contamination by buffers, biological materials and salts Protein amino acid composition is extremely important, thus the choice of a standard is very difficult, especially for purified proteins Absorbance is heavily influence by pH and ionic strength of the solution. General Considerations This is often used to estimate protein concentration prior to a more sensitive method so the protein can be diluted to the correct range Quantitative Procedure Zero the spectrophotometer with a buffer blank Make a standard curve using your standard of choice in the expected concentration range, using the same buffer that your unknown sample is in. Take the absorbance values at 280 nm in a quartz cuvette Place sample into quartz cuvette (make sure concentration is in the range of 20 Â µg to 3 mg Take absorbance at 280 nm Estimation Procedure Zero spectrophotometer to water (or buffer) Take the absorbance at 280 nm in a quartz cuvette Change wavelength to 260 nm and zero with water (or buffer) Take absorption at 260 nm in a quartz cuvette Use the following equation to estimate the protein concentration [Protein] (mg/mL) = 1.55*A280 0.76*A260 Discussion Determination of protein concentration by ultraviolet absorption (260 to 280 nm) depends on the presence of aromatic amino acids in proteins. Tyrosine and tryptophan absorb at approximately 280 nm. Higher orders of protein structure also may absorb UV light or modify the molar absorptivities of tyrosine and tryptophan and thus the UV detection is highly sensitive to pH and ionic strength at which measurement is taken. Many other cellular components, and particularly nucleic acids, also absorb UV light. The ratio of A280/A260 is often used as a criterion of the purity of protein or nucleic acid samples during their purification. The real advantages of this method of determining protein concentration are that the sample is not destroyed and that it is very rapid. Although different proteins will have different amino acid compositions and thus different molar absorptivities, this method can be very accurate when comparing different solutions of the same protein. To make an accurate determination of protein concentration, you will have to produce a standard curve (A280) with known amounts of purified protein. You will also have to provide a blank that is appropriate for the sample and contains the same concentrations of buffer and salts as the sample. It is often convenient to dialyze the sample and measure the absorbance of the retentate (still in the dialysis sack) using the dialysate as the blank. Care must be taken to use quartz cuvettes, since glass absorbs UV light. A handy equation to estimate protein concentration that is often used is [Protein] (mg/mL) = 1.55*A280 0.76*A260 However, it is also a good idea to always use a standard curve and suggested that you evaluate the agreement of the results using the above equation with results using a standard curve. This method is the least sensitive of the methods discussed here. For increased sensitivity, the wavelength can be lowered to the range of 210 to 225 nm. This measures the amide bond in proteins. However it is much more subject to interference from many more biological components and compounds used to make buffer solutions. If you dont know what the protein concentration of an unknown sample is likely to be, the ultraviolet method might be a good starting point. Prepare a standard curve for the absorbance at 280 and 260 nm. After you have the data for the standard curve, rezero the spectrophotometer with water. Place your samples into a dry 1 mL quartz cuvette and read the absorbance. If the A280 of your unknown sample is less than 2, you should probably not dilute your sample further. If the absorbance is >2, dilution will be required. When you are finished with the first measurement, the unknown can be returned to its original tube with minimal loss. The Lowry Assay References: O.H. Lowry, N.J. Rosebrough, A.L. Farr and R.J. Randall (1951) J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265. (The original method) Hartree E. E. (1972). Anal. Biochem. 48: 422 (This modification makes the assay linear over a larger range than the original assay) J.R. Dulley and P.A. Grieve (1975) Anal. Biochem. 64: 136. (This is a useful modification of the original Lowry method that includes 0.5% sodium dodecylsulfate in the alkaline reagent. This obviates interference from many detergents and helps disperse membranes in the sample.) A. Bensadoun and D. Weinstein (1976) Anal. Biochem. 70: 241. (Another useful modification of the original Lowry method that can be useful when the solution contains interfering contaminants. The proteins in the samples are precipitated by a mixture of sodium deoxycholate and trichloroacetic acid and centrifugation prior to assay. If the contaminants stay in the supernatant they can be removed and the amount of precipitated protein determined. Quick Guide How does it work? The first step is a Biuret reaction which reduces Cu+2 to Cu+1 The second reaction uses Cu+1 to reduce the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (phosphomolybdate and phosphotungstate). This is detectable in the range of 500 to 750 nm Detection Limitations 2-100 Â µg Advantages Sensitive over a wide range The most commonly referenced procedure for protein determination Can be performed at room temperature 10-20 times more sensitive than UV detection Can be performed in a microplate format Disadvantages Many substances interfere with the assay Alkaline copper reagent is laborious to prepare and will develop carbonate scales over storage which interfere with optical activity, thus it must be prepared fresh daily Takes a considerable amount of time to perform The assay is photosensitive, so illumination during the assay must be kept consistent for all samples Amount of color varies with different proteins General Considerations Some researchers have reported that repeated assays in the same cuvettes cause them to be etched Many chemical distributors sell a modified Lowry assay that is more stable and sensitive than homemade versions Since reduced copper is detected in the procedure, make sure that the distilled water used in the procedure is fed from plastic lines and not copper lines. In general water from 18 megaohm water polishers is satisfactory Variation in the content of tyrosine and tryptophan residues will influence the assay Procedure Alkaline Reagent 0.1 M NaOH 2% Na2CO3 0.5% Na Tartrate (use of potassium salt will cause SDS to be insoluble) 0.5% Na Dodecylsulfate Copper Reagent 1% CuSO4*5H2O Assay Mix (MAKE FRESH EACH DAY) 50 mL alkaline reagent and 0.5 mL copper reagent Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent Dilute with an equal volume of water to prepare the desired volume Procedure: Add samples containing up to 100 Â µg of protein Bring all tubes to 1 mL total volume with water. Be sure to have two tubes containing only water as blanks. Also use reagent or buffer blanks if needed. Prepare the Assay Mix and diluted Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. To each tube add 5 mL of assay mix and thoroughly vortex. Incubate tubes at room temperature for 10 min. Add 0.5 mL of diluted Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Vortex immediately. Incubate at room temperature for 30 min. Vortex the tubes, zero the spectrophotometer with the blank and measure absorbance at 660 nm (or other appropriate wavelength). The data from the standard curve are usually linear enough that a straight-line interpolation can be used to determine the concentration of unknowns. Discussion The Lowry method relies on two different reactions. The first is the formation of a copper ion complex with amide bonds, forming reduced copper in alkaline solutions. This is called a Biuret chromophore. The second is the reduction of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (phosphomolybdate and phosphotungstate) by tyrosine and tryptophan residues. The reduced Folin-Ciocalteu reagent is blue and thus detectable with a spectrophotometer in the range of 500-750 nm. The Biuret reaction itself is not all that sensitive. Using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent to detect reduced copper makes the assay nearly 100 times more sensitive than the Biuret reaction alone. The assay is relatively sensitive, but takes more time than other assays and is susceptible to many interfering compounds. The following substances are known to interfere with the Lowry assay: detergents, carbohydrates, glycerol, Tricine, EDTA, Tris, potassium compounds, sulfhydryl compounds, disulfide compounds, magnesium and calcium. Most of these interfering substances are commonly used in buffers for preparing proteins. This is one of the major limitations of the assay. The Lowry assay is sensitive to variations in the content of tyrosine and tryptophan residues. If the protein you are assaying has an unusual content of these residues, an appropriate substitute standard is required. The standard curve is linear in the 1 to 100 ug protein region. The absorbance can be read in the region of 500 to 750 nm. Most researchers use 660 nm, but other wavelengths also work and may reduce the effects of contamination (e.g. chlorophyll in plant samples interferes at 660 nm, but not at 750 nm ).

A Non-Pacifist Argument Against Capital Punishment Essay -- Argumentat

A Non-Pacifist Argument Against Capital Punishment ABSTRACT: In this paper I present a moral argument against capital punishment that does not depend upon the claim that all killing is immoral. The argument is directed primarily against non-philosophers in the Judeo-Christian tradition. Oddly, the moral argument against capital punishment has not been effective in the United States despite the biblical injunction against killing. Religious supporters of the death penalty often invoke a presumed distinction between ‘killing’ and ‘murdering’ and avow that God forbade the latter but not the former. Self-defense and just wars are cited as cases of morally justified killing. Accepting these premises, I point out that when cases of justified killing in self-defense are altered to include an element of delay, disarming and premeditation, they too become murder. Since the death penalty clearly involves the elements of delay, disarming and premeditation, I conclude that the death penalty is murder in the biblical sen se and ought to be abolished in any God-fearing (or otherwise moral) society. Traditional opposition to capital punishment has generally been based on one or more of the following claims: (1) Capital punishment is immoral because all killing is immoral, (2) Capital punishment is unjust because killing is irreversible, or (3) Capital punishment is ineffective because killing is not a deterrent to killing. I propose to argue instead that capital punishment is immoral because of the kind of killing it is, rather than because it is a kind of killing simpliciter. This is a specifically moral argument, but it differs from the usual pacifist argument in that it does not assert or depend upon the claim that all killing is i... ...emeditation, they too become murder. Since the death penalty clearly involves the elements of delay, disarming, and premeditation, I conclude that the death penalty is murder in the biblical sense and ought to be abolished in any God-fearing society. Notes (1) Haines, Herbert H., Against Capital Punishment, p. 163 (2) Shin, Kilman, Death Penalty and Crime: Empirical Studies, p. 4-5 Bibliography Haines, Herbert H., Against Capital Punishment: The Anti-Death Penalty Movement in America, 1972-1994; New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996 Hart, Harold H. (ed.), Punishment: For & Against; New York: Hart Publishing Company, Inc., 1971 Shin, Kilman, Death Penalty and Crime: Empirical Studies; Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Center for Economic Analysis, 1978 Sorell, Tom, Moral Theory and Capital Punishment; Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987

Barbie: Independent Woman or Damaging American Icon? Essays -- Argumen

Barbie: Independent Woman or Damaging American Icon? She's the classic American beauty, the woman we all dreamed of being at one point in our lives. She has long, tanned legs, cascades of blonde curls and has such perky breasts that she doesn't even need a bra. Although this character does not need air to breathe and is made of plastic, she has been one of America's most potent icons for more than 40 years and has affected girls in ways even human models aren't capable of. With 250 million Barbies in existence in the United States alone, there are more Barbies than there are people in the United States (Green 339). Barbie is adored by 8-year-old girls, collected by baby-boomer moms, and despised by feminists. No one can deny Barbie's unmistakable popularity. I myself am still the owner of 10-12 well-worn Barbie dolls. They are the outcome of much begging and pleading with my parents and their many unsuccessful attempts at getting me to stop sucking my thumb. Barbie was fascinating to me because she was a woman, not a baby like my other dolls. My sister and I spent hours creating complex "grown-up" scenarios with Barbie and her counterparts. Although I have fond memories of those afternoons of make-believe, I am now a more consciences adult aware of Barbie's shortcomings as such a powerful cultural icon. Although some people would call Barbie a feminist due to her multiple careers and her independent, fun-loving personality, I now see that Barbie’s unrealistic body size, her association with consumerism, and her potent sexuality make her a negative and harmful American icon. Barbie was conceived in 1959 by Ruth Handler (Green, A. 1/2). While on vacation in Germany, Ruth found a novelty d... ...rth Island Journal 11:4 (1996). Academic Search Elite. Palni SiteSearch. Goshen College Good Library. 3 Mar. 2001. Matheny, Krista. "Many Women Believe Barbie Damages Society." Murray State News U-Wire 18 Feb. 2000. <www.sam.com/article> McConnell, Tandy, ed. American Decades: 1990-1999. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2001. Prager, Emily. "Our Barbies, Ourselves." Signs of Life in the U.S.A.: Readings on Popular Culture For Writers. 3rd Ed. Maasik, Sonia and Jack Solomon. Boston: Bedford, 2000. 706-709. Robertson, Virginia. "Special Report on Reaching Girls: What Barbie Says About Girls." Aug. 1997. Kidscreen: About Reaching Children Through Entertainment <www.kidscreen.com/articles/ks15997.asp> "The Culture of Beauty." Diabetes Forcast Jul 1995. Academic Search Elite. Palni SiteSearch. Goshen College Good Library. 3 Mar. 2001. Barbie: Independent Woman or Damaging American Icon? Essays -- Argumen Barbie: Independent Woman or Damaging American Icon? She's the classic American beauty, the woman we all dreamed of being at one point in our lives. She has long, tanned legs, cascades of blonde curls and has such perky breasts that she doesn't even need a bra. Although this character does not need air to breathe and is made of plastic, she has been one of America's most potent icons for more than 40 years and has affected girls in ways even human models aren't capable of. With 250 million Barbies in existence in the United States alone, there are more Barbies than there are people in the United States (Green 339). Barbie is adored by 8-year-old girls, collected by baby-boomer moms, and despised by feminists. No one can deny Barbie's unmistakable popularity. I myself am still the owner of 10-12 well-worn Barbie dolls. They are the outcome of much begging and pleading with my parents and their many unsuccessful attempts at getting me to stop sucking my thumb. Barbie was fascinating to me because she was a woman, not a baby like my other dolls. My sister and I spent hours creating complex "grown-up" scenarios with Barbie and her counterparts. Although I have fond memories of those afternoons of make-believe, I am now a more consciences adult aware of Barbie's shortcomings as such a powerful cultural icon. Although some people would call Barbie a feminist due to her multiple careers and her independent, fun-loving personality, I now see that Barbie’s unrealistic body size, her association with consumerism, and her potent sexuality make her a negative and harmful American icon. Barbie was conceived in 1959 by Ruth Handler (Green, A. 1/2). While on vacation in Germany, Ruth found a novelty d... ...rth Island Journal 11:4 (1996). Academic Search Elite. Palni SiteSearch. Goshen College Good Library. 3 Mar. 2001. Matheny, Krista. "Many Women Believe Barbie Damages Society." Murray State News U-Wire 18 Feb. 2000. <www.sam.com/article> McConnell, Tandy, ed. American Decades: 1990-1999. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2001. Prager, Emily. "Our Barbies, Ourselves." Signs of Life in the U.S.A.: Readings on Popular Culture For Writers. 3rd Ed. Maasik, Sonia and Jack Solomon. Boston: Bedford, 2000. 706-709. Robertson, Virginia. "Special Report on Reaching Girls: What Barbie Says About Girls." Aug. 1997. Kidscreen: About Reaching Children Through Entertainment <www.kidscreen.com/articles/ks15997.asp> "The Culture of Beauty." Diabetes Forcast Jul 1995. Academic Search Elite. Palni SiteSearch. Goshen College Good Library. 3 Mar. 2001.

Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart - The Clans Beliefs and Christian Beliefs :: Things Fall Apart essays

Things Fall apart - The Clan's Beliefs and Christian Beliefs There are many differences between the Clan's beliefs and Christian's beliefs. This is illustrated on pages 126-129, in the mention of `the one true god.' Both the tribe and the Missionaries have different perceptions on who this one true god is. The clan has trouble understanding the Christian beliefs as they have lived a tribal existence for so long. They have only ever been aware of their own culture, which makes it hard for them to adjust to the ways of the Christians. On arrival, the missionaries barely understand the tribe. They have very little knowledge of the cultural beliefs or rituals that the tribe revere. It seems inappropriate that they are willing to declare that the villagers' beliefs are false. "He told them that they worshipped false gods, gods of wood and stone." They don't even acknowledge that this too is a successful community, which works well under its method of religious law. They take it upon themselves to change the religion or `make it civilised', not respecting the fact that maybe the villagers were already content with what they had. The missionaries believe in one supreme god. This god is the 'creator of all the world and all the men and women who inhabit the Earth'. They believe that all men go for judgement before him when they die, and that all men who worship `false gods of wood and stone' would be thrown into a fire `that burned like palm oil.' If the lord saves their soul from sin they will have eternal life in heaven with god, who is also eternal. They bury the body of the deceased in the ground, but believe their soul goes up to heaven if they have accepted the lord in their heart. The missionaries believe that Christianity is the only right religion, why else would they be so intent on conversion and spreading the word of Jesus Christ? This creates conflict with the tribe, as the Clan are content with their way of life and do not wish to change. The Clan has a different perception when it comes to the gods.

Answering Questions on Keystone Corporation

Based on the Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Study, there is an uneven distribution of power and wealth in the Indian society, which is generally accepted by the Indians as a cultural norm (Geert Hofstedeâ„ ¢ Cultural Dimensions India). Indians are persevering, and are more receptive to unstructured ideas or occurrences, having less regulations and standards with which to control unexpected events (Geert Hofstedeâ„ ¢ Cultural Dimensions India).Australians are generally individualists who have a penchant for privacy (Geert Hofstedeâ„ ¢ Cultural Dimensions Australia). There is a higher level of equality between Australia’s tiers of society, spanning between families, organizations and even the government (Geert Hofstedeâ„ ¢ Cultural Dimensions Australia).North Americans, belonging to the category of United States, have one of the highest individualism traits yet have greater equality between social levels, and hold the highest regard for cultural differences (Geer t Hofstedeâ„ ¢ Cultural Dimensions United States). Americans appreciate fewer rules and do not try to control all events and outcomes (Geert Hofstedeâ„ ¢ Cultural Dimensions United States).Friction in the Keystone set-up is predictable, made up of the easy-going Indians, the individualistic Americans, and the private Australians.2. In any global company that is planning to consolidate its workforce, there are four global drivers for engagement:(a) The nature of the job itself and the opportunities for growth.Keystone has to ensure that the work environment is healthy with lots of team work, respect and camaraderie. Employees are well compensated and motivated.(b) Confidence in the company’s leadership.To obtain the confidence of its workforce, a company must have leaders that act and work in accordance with established company goals and visions, and earmark resources that support those values.(c) Recognition and rewardsEven though just compensation and regular, earned b onuses are not exactly drivers, they should be conceptualized to motivate the workforce and enhance a healthy competition within the organization. Non-monetary rewards such as recognition is effective in morale-boosting within a company.(d) Organizational communicationThere should be consistent open channels of communication, wherein information is released from top management in an organized and systematic way. Communication should be enhanced by dialogues, giving and taking of feedback and an open-door policy for management. Leaders should take the initiative in  this particular driver.3.  Ã‚   Within this Global Project are two of the most contrasting personalities: the German and the Indian. Nevertheless, to prevent conflict in the organization, I will closely study the personas of the different races. I will focus on the similarities, and work on managing the cultural differences.The Americans and the Germans have high levels of individuality, thus I can use them for the ma rketing side of my Project. The Indians will be best for customer service, because of their easy-going nature and lower tolerance for rules and regulations.I can also employ the Germans to spearhead the finance sector of the business, where strictness is appreciated. The Americans and Indians will make up the largest part of the organization, which is operations. Both have perseverance in their natures, and would easier adapt to new work environments and adjust to each other as well. The Americans and Indians would be more receptive to occasional changes in the organization, and will work well with less friction.The Indians will be on my Public Relations team, and if I could get a female for the part, the better. She will have a good disposition, perfect for dealing with clients, and would be more competitive than her male countryman.  In the world we live in – especially if one is operating a business — fully understanding the cultural peculiarities, quirks and trai ts of the workforce can spell the difference between success and failure. To foster harmony in a multi-cultural organization, one must realize that even minor considerations like time may be perceived in different ways by different cultures. In most Eastern and African culture, friendship and relationships are more important than time. Hence, one does not run away from a friend to make it on time for work. It is different in the West.It would be best to integrate into the organization, team-building activities wherein employees who work in close proximity are encouraged to know each other on a more personal level. Thus, friction is minimized and mutual respect is fostered.  Thus, to have an effective organization, top management must study the cultural traits of the employees, in particular, with respect to politics and diplomacy, religion, social values and cultural traditions. Though this, management can determine which areas of the business a person is best suited, and top mana gement can also devise ways of keeping their people happy, motivated and productive.Works CitedHofstede, Geert. Geert Hofstedeâ„ ¢ Cultural Dimensions. The Netherlands:1967 – 2003.

Of Syria and Civil Wars

Virinder Kaur POLS 202-01: International Relations Reaction Paper #1: Of Syrian Wars and US Foreign Policies Due: October 4, 2012 Modern Syria first gained its independence in 1946, following many years of violent strife. Before this, the state had been under a French Mandate and had suffered under a conditional (or more aptly, false) independence, wherein the French State held veto power over any potential laws introduced by the Syrian people (US Dept. of State). In 1970, the Baath party came into political power in Syria in yet another bloody coup-d’etat, with Minister of Defense, Hafiz al-Assad, taking up the mantle of President (US Dept. f State). He would remain in power up until his death in the year 2000. This would ultimately result in the appointment of his son, Bashar al-Assad, to the presidency, a position that would once more see civil malcontent and intrastate violence (US Dept. of State). Over the past 18 months, there have been ongoing violent conflicts in Syria between the Syrian government and various groups of rebel fighters (US Dept. of State). According to BBC News, this extremely bloody conflict within the state has instigated a multitude of international war crimes on the side of both the government and the rebel groups involved.The civil war in Syria began in mid-March of last year when citizens first openly protested against Assad’s administration (US Dept. of State). Shortly following the Syrian Army’s continued violent suppression of the protests, the situation quickly turned to armed rebellion, ultimately leading to 18 months of violent assault on the citizens of Syria by its government and by rebel/terrorist groups (US Dept. of State). These continued violent uprisings in Syria are in no part a failure on the part of the United States foreign policies. In fact, the United States played very little role where the start of this conflict is in question.Beyond its support of the protestors’ cry for democratic proceedings, the US was not responsible for instigating violence on either front. Furthermore, the United States was openly critical of Assad’s earlier reaction to what had started out as peaceful protests. According to Al-Monitor News, the US financially supported the opposition to the Syrian government by granting a waiver to a Free Syrian Army (FSA) support group, also called the Syrian Support Group, or SSG, which is an NGO aiming to provide the FSA with intelligence, communications, and financial support (Rozen).The US, like most governments, is reluctant to strike any arms deals or provide lethal aid to the FSA and other loosely organized militant groups as they cannot control the violence of all of their members (Frieden). Any intervention beyond this would be unreasonable and a hazard to state interests of which, according to realists, in the hierarchy of issues facing the state, national and international security is most important (International Relations Text, 40). Direct involvement in the conflict will only further incite the violence as intervention by foreign states is believed to cause, not prevent, rebellion (Frieden).Al Arabiya News maintains that the United Kingdom and France have also provided similar support for the Syrian opposition. The UK offered monetary assistance and France offered non-lethal military aid (Al Arabiya). France, in particular, was adamant against becoming directly involved in the bloody conflict without UN support. Instead, it provided â€Å"means of communication and protection† for the FSA (Al Arabiya). France justifies its determination to avoid direct involvement by reiterating the mistake George W.Bush made when he independently decided to invade Iraq. France had also opposed that proposal and, in time, had proven correct (Al Arabiya). Russia and China, on the other hand, are vehemently opposed to the UN’s resolution to impose force and economic sanctions, believing they are measures taken by American and European states to further assert their power over Syrian sovereignty or as a means to line the US Treasury and EU banks, according to George Lopez, a professor of Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame (Lopez).However, the people of Syria are rebelling against the Assad regime, from which it can be inferred that the legitimacy of the Syrian government is already under question. Russia, in particular, is against UN intervention in Syria, predominantly in providing aid to the rebel groups. As stated in the The Moscow Times, this is because Russia has strong economic ties to Syria; due to its’ economic and military interests in Syria, Russia will not rescind its support of the Syrian government in favor of the anti-Syrian government sentimentalists (Amos).Russia’s economic interests include its billion dollar arms contracts with the Syrian government and its military interests lie in the Russian navy base in Tartus, which is â€Å"Russia’s las t base beyond the borders of the former Soviet Union (Galpin). † According to BBC, China has also blocked many UN proposed economic sanctions on Syria, a decision that reflects China’s Communist leaders’ concern that the West is trying to provoke a regime change in Syria under the guise of humanitarian action.This regime change could ultimately threaten China’s economic interests in Syria, its oil interests, in particular. According to BBC News, Iranian Foreign Minister, Ali Akbar Salehi also rejects the notion of foreign interference in the conflict in Syria, insisting that the solution to the problem lay â€Å"only in Syria and within the Syrian family (Doucet). † Despite this claim, Iran was, in itself, interfering in the conflict by sending out Iranian planes making arms deliveries to the Syrian government under the cover of humanitarian aid (Doucet). bb While it would be possible for the US to intervene and perhaps dissolve the issue in Syria, it would not be in our best interest. Foreign intervention in the Syrian Civil War will only result in a high price to be paid, mainly the US’ loss of support on the international front as well as the financial expenses that the US would incur if involved militarily. Such civil wars and intrastate conflicts between rebel groups and the government can be resolved through diplomatic negotiations that can avoid these expenses (Frieden).The US is not financially secure enough to engage in yet another bloody conflict in the Middle East, particularly one as convoluted as the one in Syria. The usage of the word convoluted is significant in that it remains uncertain who the non-FSA and who the actual leaders of the rebellion are. According to Frieden, it is difficult to gather information about who is a part of these militant groups because they are covert and because terrorist groups have incentives to exaggerate. Furthermore, should that question and the identities of the FSA be re solved, how would we distinguish the innocent from the terrorists?Both important actors in these uprisings, the Syrian government, and the Free Syrian Army and other rebel fighters, have participated in what may be considered international war crimes that have resulted in a multitude of civilian deaths. The Independent Commission of Inquiry on Syria reported that murder, torture, and sexually violent acts have been authorized by the Syrian; it also found the anti-Assad sentimentalists were also guilty of war crimes, though not to the same extent as the Assad regime (Syria War Crimes Suspects, BBC).The question to ask ourselves should be â€Å"Is it worth it? What can we gain from this involvement, and more importantly, what are we at risk of losing should the situation spiral out of control, as it so often does? † With many significant UN actors being divided on how the situation should be handled, the idea of any kind of â€Å"strategic interaction between relevant actorsâ €  is difficult to even imagine (Frieden, 75). International politics concerns itself mostly with benefit analysis and bargaining to maximize state security and protect state interests above all else.Getting involved in the conflict would be an unrealistic venture that would ultimately undermine national interests; this is because involvement in this particular conflict reflects a negative sum outlook (International Relations Text, 55). This implies that, in the end, the gains and losses will add up to less than zero, meaning all actors lose in comparison to what they currently have, in which case the US has more to lose than to gain (International Relations Text, 55). Machiavelli theorizes that states are pragmatic entities that ought to protect their own interests above all others (International Relations Text, 45).This concept reflects on the political theory of Realism, which states that a state’s primary interests lies in maintaining or expanding its’ power and security, economically and militarily (Class Notes, Wk 1). In correlation to the theory of Realism, statesmen (i. e. the decision-makers) follow a different â€Å"code of conduct† than the average citizen; this implies a different set of ethics and decision-making processes (IR Text, 46). According to classical realism, if one assumes national security an end, than any means employed to achieve that end are justified (IR Text, 46).The means by which to achieve an end are Joseph Nye’s notions of hard power and soft power. Hard power is concerned mainly with the economic and military capabilities of a state while soft power deals primarily with cultural values and practices of a given state to introduce a diplomatic capacity to influence states (IR Text, 53). Neo-realists, such as the United States, relate more to the notion of smart power, an integral or blend of hard and soft power, advance their purposes and attain their goals (IR Text, 53).By intervening in Syria, t he US would be put at risk in the economic and international relations realm as they would be once again swamped with the cost of war and would be looked upon in an unfavorable manner by Russia and China, who stand firm in their decision to not get involved due to their own economic and military interests in Syria. US’ involvement in Syria would reinforce Hannah Arendt’s idea that â€Å"thinking without a banister,† or in this case, acting, has become prevalent in contemporary politics.In her essay, The Origins of Totalitarianism, Arendt discusses how, in this modern day and age, great politicians and world leaders are thwarted by the ability to think and act without any sort of â€Å"transcendental grounding,† the most significant of which being history (Strong, Politics Without A Vision). Should the United States decide to follow through with intervening in Syria, it would be a repeat of Iraq; countless more soldiers will be stationed in the Middle East , more money that we just don’t have will be spent on a war where very few actors have significant interests (i. . Russia and China). Such blatant disregard for recent historical events while contemplating a decision as massive as US association with the violence in Syria would be concerning and outright dangerous to United States national security. Another concern that arises is the idea of random occurrence and chance; the concept of unpredictable elements, causality, and the effect they may have on the outcomes of a given circumstance (Class Notes, Week 3). The â€Å"Uncertainty Principle† was first introduced in the world of physics by Werner Heisenberg in 1927.Often, particularly in situations of extreme violence or chaos such as the Syrian Civil War, the multitude of actors as well other variables, makes it near impossible to determine the possible consequences given a sequence of conceivable actions. This relates to the realists’ principle of Game Theory, which is essentially an approach to determining the best or optimal course of action in a competitive situation, for example, the Syrian Civil War (IR Text, 55).According to Game Theory, the actors involved in a given situation will try to maximize gains and minimize losses under uncertain conditions and with incomplete information (IR Text, 55). Due to chance, circumstances, and personal initiatives of world leaders, unintended consequences are an inevitable consequence. While these inadvertent effects may be of a positive nature, it is just as possible that they may be negative and end up unraveling the very foundation of our country. Ultimately, the United States should look to wage peace and not yet another war overseas.John Horgan, author of The End of War, entreats not only the US but countries all around the world to embrace the notion of peace rather than of war because we, as humans, are endowed with the ability to bring an end to war for good. Becoming involved in one mor e skirmish in the Middle East, only undermines our freedom of will and of choice. That we should choose to engage in violence rather than in peace, would be a poor resolution if the US’ primary goal is to protect its interests. WORKS CITED â€Å"Background Note: Syria. â€Å"U. S. Department of State. U. S. Department of State, n. d. Web. 01 Oct. 2012. .Rozen, Laura. â€Å"US Authorizes Financial Support For the Free Syrian Army. † Al-Monitor. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Oct. 2012. . Al Arabiya. â€Å"France Gives Non-lethal Military Aid to Syrian Opposition: PM. â€Å"France Gives Non-lethal Military Aid to Syrian Opposition: PM. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Sept. 2012. . Lopez, George A. â€Å"Russia and China: Sabotaging U. N. with Vetoes – CNN. com. â€Å"CNN. Cable News Network, 08 Feb. 2012. Web. 29 Sept. 2012. . â€Å"UN Draws up New List of Syria War Crimes Suspects. † BBC News. BBC, 17 Sept. 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. . Amos, Howard. â€Å"Billions of Dol lars of Russian Business Suffers Along With Syria. The Moscow Times. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Oct. 2012. . Galpin, Richard. â€Å"Russian Arms Shipments Bolster Syria's Embattled Assad. † BBC News. BBC, 30 Jan. 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. . Doucet, Lyse. â€Å"Syria Conflict: No Military Solution, Says Ban Ki-moon. † BBC News. BBC, 20 Sept. 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. . Frieden, Jeffry A. , David A. Lake, and Kenneth A. Schultz. â€Å"A Primer on Game Theory. † World Politics: Interests, Interactions, Institutions. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010. 74-79. Print. Viotti, Paul R. , and Mark V. Kauppi. â€Å"Chapter 7: Positivism, Critical Theory, and Postmodern Understandings. International Relations Theory. New York: Longman, 2010. 322-337. Print. Strong, Tracy B. Politics without Vision: Thinking without a Banister in the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2012. Print. Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966. Pr int. Horgan, John. The End of War. San Francisco, CA: McSweeneys, 2012. Print. *Also referenced class notes, discussions, and anything else that Professor F. mentioned during lecture. * *One case of referencing notes from another class (Comparative Politics) whilst explaining the uncertainty principle. *

Beauty Industry

Beauty industry in currently developing at a fast pace, to meet the demand. Nowadays, people pay more attention to their appearance, hence they use a lot of cosmetics. However, beauty products must undergone a plethora of tests before they are launched onto the market. That issue raises a question: should animals be subject to the tests? The answer still remains ambiguous, yet this topic is frequently discussed in media. In fact, the society is split over the issue and it is almost impossible to reach a consensus. Nevertheless, I believe that beauty products shouldn't be tested on animals. First and foremost, testing on animals is clearly cruel and unethical. Animals feel pain in the same degree as humans do. It is proved, that our physiological systems are in similar to a large extent. Moreover, it is unconceivable how many species die during these acts of cruelty. Even applying a non-invasive beauty products on an animal's skin can have tragic effects, not to mention harmful ingrediencies that can lead to fur's and skin's destruction or even skin cancer and consequently death. It is impossible to estimate the number of species that have already died during the tests. People should really ponder, whether testing a lipsticks or a foundation is worth killing innocent rats or guinea pigs. Second, why should researchers be permitted to harm those innocent species in such a harsh way? They are often part of our families, loyal companions; therefore, we should demure this actions. People shall not have power to injure any species and determine their lives. What is more, animals also exhibit fear, just like humans. They feel a need to be free and live their lives. In laboratories they are locked up in cages and people decide over their life and death. Moreover, animals are treated there in an atrocious way. For scientists, they are just a subject to a research not a living organism. They don't bother their well being at all, yet animals are closed and kept in unholy conditions. Finally, humans and animals are entirely different species when it comes to anatomy; hence they can react on the same substance in a different way. Therefore, the outcome of the tests isn't entirely reliable, as a lot of people believe. Therefore, we cannot pronounce the beauty product to be effective and harmless after checking its influence only on animals' skin. It is possible that the product, which has undergone a test on an animal and was certified to be innoxious, can have a negative impact on humans. Therefore nor animals nor humans benefit from this brutal tests. Moreover, beauty products are intended for human spices and their certain needs. When it comes to animals, it is paradoxical to test lipsticks or eyeshadows on them, yet it is know that their anatomy vary greatly from ours. Their body parts differ from the ones that humans have and their epidermis is largely covered in hair. Undoubtedly, comparing the influence of certain cosmetics on dissimilar organisms defeats the purpose.